Which signs would you expect during the assessment of clinical shock in a child?

In the assessment of clinical shock in a child, certain signs indicate a compromised circulatory status and decreased perfusion. The presence of cold and clammy extremities, along with prolonged capillary refill time, suggests peripheral vasoconstriction which is a common compensatory mechanism in shock. This occurs as the body prioritizes blood flow to vital organs, redirecting it away from the extremities, which leads to a cooler extremity temperature and clamminess of the skin.

Prolonged capillary refill time—typically more than 2 seconds—further indicates inadequate perfusion and is a key sign of shock. It reflects how quickly blood returns to the capillary beds after pressure is released. In a child experiencing shock, you would expect this refill time to be extended due to decreased cardiac output or hypovolemia.

The other options illustrate signs that do not typically align with the presentation of clinical shock. Increased skin turgor and clear urine output indicate good hydration and perfusion rather than shock. High blood pressure with clear consciousness does not suggest shock, which often presents with hypotension and altered mental status if severe. Warm skin and moist mucous membranes might suggest the opposite of shock, reflecting effective circulation rather than the compromised state seen in